Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. The first branch of cubism, known as 'Analytic Cubism,' was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second phase, Synthetic Cubism, (using synthetic materials in the art) the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity

      English art historian Douglas Cooper describes three phases of Cubism in his seminal book 'The Cubist Epoch'. According to Cooper there was 'Early Cubism,' (from 1906-1908) when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called 'High Cubism,' (from 1909 to 1914) during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent; and finally Cooper referred to 'Late Cubism' (from 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement.

      In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly random angles, removing a coherent sense of depth. The background and object planes interpenetrate one another to create the shallow ambiguous space, one of cubism's distinct characteristics.